In a May 1921 letter to New York lawyer and patron of modernism John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had 'a long poem in mind and partly on paper which I am wishful to finish'. After a fourth section, 'Death by Water', which includes a brief lyrical petition, the culminating fifth section, 'What the Thunder Said', concludes with an image of judgment.Ĭomposition history Writing Įliot probably worked on the text that became The Waste Land for several years preceding its first publication in 1922. 'The Fire Sermon', the third section, offers a philosophical meditation in relation to the imagery of death and views of self-denial in juxtaposition, influenced by Augustine of Hippo and Eastern religions. The second, 'A Game of Chess', employs alternating narrations, in which vignettes of several characters address those themes experientially. The first, 'The Burial of the Dead', introduces the diverse themes of disillusionment and despair. Eliot employs many allusions to the Western canon: Ovid's Metamorphoses, Dante's Divine Comedy, Shakespeare, Milton, Buddhist scriptures, the Hindu Upanishads and even a contemporary popular song, 'The Shakespearean Rag.' The poem shifts between voices of satire and prophecy featuring abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location, and time and conjuring a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures. Įliot's poem combines the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King with vignettes of contemporary British society. Among its famous phrases are 'April is the cruelest month', 'I will show you fear in a handful of dust', 'These fragments I have shored against my ruins' and the Sanskrit mantra ' Shantih shantih shantih'. It was published in book form in December 1922.

Published in 1922, the 434-line poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of Eliot's The Criterion and in the United States in the November issue of The Dial. Eliot, widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century and a central work of modernist poetry.

Immortal longings by chloe gong